利未记3章：♥平安祭也属自愿乐意的献祭。原文含有“和平”、“相契”、“完全”等意思。字根，意思是完整完全和谐，表示人与神的和好，人有何不足不安，凭信心来到神面前，得到满足与平安。健全康乐和谐。平安祭是蒙受救恩，罪得赦免，享受完美丰满的平安，不受罪恶的约束与自由的生长……和谐的灵魂，只有在与其他的灵魂和谐一致，信心的团契上相连系的时候，才能发展扩大。
“♥禁献鸟为祭，1.或以难照例分配──平安祭须神人共享，鸟身太微小，不易分别；且以鸟身脂油无多，难以至美部份奉献与神。2.或以不足表诚意──平安祭或为感恩、或为许愿，亦或为甘心事奉上主。鸟之价值太轻，似不足表感谢之心；至少须献一只山羊羔方可略表诚意。
♥献祭的方法和燔祭十分相似。不同的是，祭牲不限公的；献祭的及其家人可以吃祭牲的肉，祭司也可得到一份（7：14-15，31-34）；同时指定了献给神的那一部分，叫做“盖脏的脂油”，和护养重要内脏器官的其他脂油。这些脂油积聚在牛羊的两肾和肝胃之间，有独立的供血系统（3节）。
♥巴勒斯坦盛产肥尾羊。用羊献平安祭，要把整条尾巴取下与其他脂油一起烧在坛上。羊尾藏脂甚厚，有的尾巴重达30公斤。巴勒斯坦生产的绵羊(Ovis Laticaudata)有肥大尾巴，有额外的几条屋椎(caudal verbetrae)，尾巴用来储藏肥脂。一只成长的绵羊，肥尾巴可重22至33公斤，自古以来都被视为甘美食品给耶和华为食物”：♥以色列人把祭当作礼物，将献者的感恩与愿望放在神面前（21：6，8，17，21）馨香上达，取悦于神；不象其他中东民族，认为神要吃人间食物，所以献祭（结16：19）。
♥馨香”原文作“取悦的香气”，不可误解为以色列人用祭物的香气来供养神。神是个灵，所要的是人的心灵和诚实的敬拜（约4：24），不须人间物质的供养。在诗篇五十一篇十七节说：‘上帝所要的祭，就是忧伤的灵。
献上己身，当作活祭（罗十二1）。
♥血也不可吃，因为血是动物的生命。17：11说，“活物的生命是在血中”。祭物所流的血乃圣物，代表牺牲者的生命。生命宝贵且神圣，血也应受到人的敬重（参创9：4）。耶稣基督为神的羔羊，钉十字架流血舍命为全人类取得永远的救赎（来9：12，22）。
《希伯来文翻译》
「供物」奉献，奉献物；「♥平安」感恩，联盟，友谊；「献」靠近，接近，到达；「♥没有残疾的」完全的，健全的。
按」靠在，放在；「宰」屠宰，击打；「洒在」投，掷，扔。腰子」肾；「靠腰两旁」腰部，腰窝；「网子」肝脏开口处的肥脂。「♥供物」奉献，奉献物；「平安」感恩，联盟，友谊；「献」靠近，接近，到达；「♥没有残疾的」完全的，健全的。按」靠在，放在；「宰」屠宰，击打；「洒在」投，掷，扔。「火祭」用火献的祭；「整」完全的，健全的；「脊骨」脊椎，尾椎；「盖」遮盖，隐藏；「脏」内脏，内部。山羊」母山羊；「面前」面，脸。
「焚烧」焚烧，使冒烟；「♥馨」安静，舒坦；「香」香气，气味；「食物」食物，面包。「世世代代」世代，时代，时期；「永远的」永久的，长期，未来；「定例」法令，条例。
“♥我们应当靠着耶稣，常常以颂赞为祭献给神，这就是那承认主名之人嘴唇的果子。只是不可忘记行善，和捐输的事，因为这样的祭，是神所喜悦的。”（来十三15-16）捐输希腊文即分享，团契之意）
♥举祭的神学意义非常清楚，将右腿向神举起，表示已经归献给神，祭司收取举起后垂下的祭物，就是从神领受祂赐的特别礼物。
♥摇祭 字根摇 。像锯或凿的前后移动（出廿25；申廿七5；赛十15）而非左右摇摆。（全族利未人虽然没有被摇，但却称为摇祭，奉献给神，然后，神赏赐给亚伦（民八16-19）。可见摇祭乃象征行动。）祭司摇平安祭牲的胸，是面对祭坛向前扇动，象征将肉交给耶和华，随即往后摆动，表示从神领受这祭肉。祭司是作为上宾，从耶和华筵席主人那里，领受献祭者供奉的平安祭美好部份。
【肾】指人最深情感的功能，常将肾与心相提并论，中文翻译为心肠肺腑（诗七9，廿六2；耶十七10，廿12等）以肾代表整个人的心思意念，中文翻译为心肠（伯十九27；诗十六7；耶四14，十二2等）。将肾献上象征充满真挚感情的奉献。
♥【平安祭】藉着他在十字架上所流的血，成就了和平，便藉着他叫万有，无论是地上的、天上的，都与自己（神）和好了。”（西一20）因信称义，就藉我们的主耶稣基督，得与神相和。”（罗五1）。正如以赛亚预言：“因祂受的刑罚，我们得平安”（赛五十三5）“因祂使我们和睦（原文是因祂是我们的平安），将两下合而为一……藉着自己造成一个新人，如此便成就了和睦……并且来传和平的福音给你们远处的人，也给那近处的人。”（弗二14-17）。
神一想到他自己的儿子，
就有平安永远涌流而出！
那就是知道他在十字架上
所成就之一切的平安。
在神有平安！天上的宝血
为我表明赦免之效：
在神有平安！主已经身体复活！
现今我在公义里得享自由。
♥平安祭的希伯来语“薛列”意为“报答”、“赔偿”、“重新给”,是献祭者感谢神的恩典,自愿献上的祭物。
♥平安祭分为三种:①感谢祭(7:15),感谢神的恩典和祝福而献;②还愿祭(7:16),献上还愿的祭物;③甘心祭(7:16),自发地首先献给神的祭。平安祭象征基督促成神与人之间的和睦(西1:20),基督在十字架上流血除去人的罪(弗1:7;约壹1:7);为了使人来到神的面前废除律法的仪文(西2:15)。平安祭也需要祭牲的血,象征神与人之间的交通和睦的关系,只有通过基督的宝血才成为可能。
♥ 无论是公的、是母的:平安祭没有公母之分,象征因基督的宝血，男女都能与神和睦。
♥旧约以色列人以脂油为身体甘香肥美的部分，象征人生的至宝（创四十五18；诗六十五11；申三十二14）；♥腰子是维持生命的重要器官，有过滤功能，也有保护生命的含意；♥肝脏可代表人的情感心思。综合烧在坛上祭牲部分的象征意义，奉献予神必须将内心最美好的献陈，并且是充满丰富真挚的感情。
我若是饥饿，我不用告诉你……我岂吃公牛的肉呢？……你们要以感谢为祭献与神。”（诗五十12～14）
♥献给耶和华为食物的火祭〔11节，希伯来圣经为「献给上帝供物中的面包」「面包」（lehem）一字含有古代游牧民族所指的「食用肉」或「非食用肉」
What Is Value Investing?
Value investing is an investment strategy that involves picking stocks that appear to be trading for less than their intrinsic or book value. Value investors actively ferret out stocks they think the stock market is underestimating. They believe the market overreacts to good and bad news, resulting in stock price movements that do not correspond to a company's long-term fundamentals. The overreaction offers an opportunity to profit by purchasing stocks at discounted prices.
Warren Buffett is probably the best-known value investor today, but there are many others, including Benjamin Graham (Buffett's professor and mentor), David Dodd, Charlie Munger (Buffet's business partner), Christopher Browne (another Graham student), and billionaire hedge-fund manager, Seth Karman.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Value investing is an investment strategy that involves picking stocks that appear to be trading for less than their intrinsic or book value.
Value investors actively ferret out stocks they think the stock market is underestimating.
Value investors use financial analysis, don't follow the herd, and are long-term investors of quality companies.
Value Investing
Investopedia / Sydney Saporito
Understanding Value Investing
The basic concept behind everyday value investing is straightforward: If you know the true value of something, you can save a lot of money when you buy it. Most folks would agree that whether you buy a new TV on sale, or at full price, you’re getting the same TV with the same screen size and picture quality.
Stock prices work in a similar manner, meaning a company’s share price can change even when the company’s valuation has remained the same. This means, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a true, or intrinsic, value of the stock of a given company. But there are relative values.
Market participants can buy or sell shares without being tethered to an objective price figure. Therefore, stocks, like TVs, go through periods of higher and lower demand leading to price fluctuations. If the company's fundamentals are the same, and its future opportunities are unchanged, then the value of the shares is largely the same even though the price differs.
Value investing developed from a concept by Columbia Business School professors Benjamin Graham and David Dodd in 1934 and was popularized in Graham's 1949 book, "The Intelligent Investor."
Just like savvy shoppers would argue that it makes no sense to pay full price for a TV since TVs go on sale several times a year, savvy value investors believe stocks work the same way. Of course, unlike TVs, stocks won't go on sale at predictable times of the year such as Black Friday, and their sale prices won’t be advertised.
Value investing is the process of doing detective work to find these secret sales on stocks and buying them at a discount compared to how the market values them. In return for buying and holding these value stocks for the long term, investors can be rewarded handsomely.
Intrinsic Value and Value Investing
In the stock market, the equivalent of a stock being cheap or discounted is when its shares are undervalued. Value investors hope to profit from shares they perceive to be deeply discounted.
Investors use various metrics to attempt to find the valuation or intrinsic value of a stock. Intrinsic value is a combination of using financial analysis, such as studying a company's financial performance, revenue, earnings, cash flow, profit, and fundamental factors. It includes the company's brand, business model, target market, and competitive advantage. Some metrics used to value a company's stock include:
Price-to-book (P/B), which measures the value of a company's assets and compares them to the stock price. If the price is lower than the value of the assets, the stock is undervalued, assuming the company is not in financial hardship.
Price-to-earnings (P/E), which shows the company's track record for earnings to determine if the stock price is not reflecting all of the earnings or is undervalued.
Free cash flow, which is the cash generated from a company's revenue or operations after the costs of expenditures have been subtracted.
Free cash flow is the cash remaining after expenses have been paid, including operating expenses and large purchases called capital expenditures, which is the purchase of assets like equipment or upgrading a manufacturing plant. If a company is generating free cash flow, it'll have money left over to invest in the future of the business, pay off debt, pay dividends or rewards to shareholders, and issue share buybacks.
Of course, there are many other metrics used in the analysis, including analyzing debt, equity, sales, and revenue growth. After reviewing these metrics, the value investor can decide to purchase shares if the comparative value—the stock's current price vis-a-vis its company's intrinsic worth—is attractive enough.